Pre-production skills:
- Pre- production is very simply the processes of planning elements that will be involved in some way in the shot or video taken. An example of Pre-Production would be planning the mise-en-scene such as preparing the costumes or makeup for the characters that will be showed or the stage and background and whether any props are needed.
Generating ideas:
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The first step in Pre-Production would be to generate new ideas with creative thinking. It is extremely important that the people in the group are involved in the discussion and contributing by saying opinions on ideas alongside saying ideas. There are many ways and objects that could hep in this process such as using whiteboards to explain ideas or eliminate ideas. It is best to have from 3 or more ideas depending on what the production is about and what type of production it is.
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Running a meeting:
In Pre-production it is crucial to gather the group members together and working effectively, in meetings there should be gathered evidences for the final portfolio showing exactly how the group worked and how effective the meetings were. In order for the meetings to be effective and well structured, the best way to do that is by using an agenda where in it should be a list of items or subjects that are going to be covered in the meeting and ideas for the upcoming meeting. It could be useful to include AOB (Any Other Business) which is where the members of the group can raise additional points or issues that were originally not on the agenda.
Choosing one idea:
After generating ideas and coming up with lots of ideas, It is important to choose only one idea to base the production on. It is important that the one idea that is chosen can be taken forward and developed into a proposal. Also the one idea chosen should satisfy most if not all the group members. To help deciding on one idea the SWOT analysis could be used:
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Developing your idea:
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After deciding on the best idea to take on forward you now have to work this idea into a firm proposal. This will involve a range of different skills and techniques, however this will vary depending on which production medium you are working in.
Research:
During the investigation, work using a range of methods and techniques to find out more about the potential audience. If making a video for production then the recce techniques would be very useful. A recce is a visit to a potential location to check out it's sustainability for filming. Part of researching would be looking at potential health and safety issues and risk assessment to make sure that no one is exposed to extreme danger.
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Permission:
After developing ideas you will need to start thinking about permissions that you will need to get before the production process can begin, this could include finding out who owns the copyright to a particular piece of music or a logo and how much it will cost for you to be able to use it on your production, getting permission from the owner of a location to film there and getting permission from the people who will be in a scene that you are planning to film or photograph that you are going to take.
Equipment:
Test shoots and recordings:
For videos, photography and audio production units you will need to do test shoots or recordings in order to make sure that everything runs as smooth as possible and if there is a problem that was not taken into account is taken into account.
Pre-Production paperwork:
The Pre-Production paperwork that you will develop will vary depending on what type of production is done and what production medium is used. For example if a video production is made you will develop and refine your ideas through a storyboard and script. Another really useful paperwork to use is a mood board since you can really simply and easily jot down any ideas or images you have so that it could help your idea come to life and hopefully turn out how you would have imagined it to be.
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Proposal:
After developing your idea and completing the pre-production paperwork you will need to write up the final proposal and present your idea, the proposal is recommended to be a written document where you can sell your idea to a customer. Within this proposal you will have to include:
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Presenting your ideas:
Stages in production:
If you choose to do a video, audio, print or digital media production there will be certain processes that you will need to go through for you to produce your product.
Group roles and responsibilities:
Within pre-production all members of the group should have been allocated certain roles either as casts or as crews. The best way of deciding on group roles is to understand the individual's strengths and weaknesses and give them roles according to them.
Health and Safety:
when using any equipment you will need to ensure that they are safe. You will also need to decide if the person using the equipment knows how to use them correctly and if they need supervision. You will also need to ensure that there are no tripping hazards, that the weather condition is suitable (if outside), that there are no electrical issues and if working in a public place that permission is taken.
Video production (paperwork):
Before filming anything you should have issued a call sheet where you list all things required
Continuity:
You need to make sure that all of the footage that you have shot is good enough quality to take through to the editing stage and so in order to do this it is advisable to review all of your footage before you leave the location for the day because you need to ensure continuity within your footage so the scenes that go together have the same background.
Audio production:
In audio production microphones are probably the most important as its used to capture all the audio. By this stage you should have investigated and experimented with different types of microphones to pick the one that most suits your production. Most recording now is done digitally as this allows for the best possible quality during capture and editing.
Live recordings:
When recording your footage, you will experience different working practices and how you will work will depend on the format that you choose. For example, you may be encouraged to take some live recordings which will mean that you will be recording the programme at the same time it will be broadcast. These programmes can later be edited in formats so that listeners can catch up on what they missed.
As-live recordings:
You can always pre-record footage that is scripted but would seem as though it was being broadcast live. These programmes will need to be lively and upbeat and still include links and jingles that bring different sections together to be as similar as possible to a live programme. As-live recording allows you to script and review what is being said, giving you more control over the process and ensures that errors are not made.
Interviews:
Many radio programmes whether factual or entertainment, will require the inclusion of interviews of some form or another. They can be done in two ways:
- Pre-recorded or put into a live broadcast.
- Recorded live but using previously scripted questions
Live entertainment:
Live entertainment performances, such as a band playing in the studio, are a different consideration altogether and you will need to make decisions regarding:
- Space
- Health and safety
Other programme formats:
Finally, if you are recording a factual programme, such as a documentary you will need to consider adding effects to create an atmosphere, such as footsteps. These recordings will need to be well scripted and effects can be added both during the process or later using digital techniques. You will need to be careful that you are working in an appropriate location and that all the background unwanted noise is edited out.
Print production:
Whatever technology is used, the process of printing remains broadly the same and involves the mass reproduction of words and images.
Different ways of printing:
There are three types of printing process:
- Hand-operated processes, include etching, linocut, woodcut and screen print
- Mechanical processes, including machinery such as offset, litho, flexography, gravure
- Digital processes, including laser printing, inject printing and desktop publishing (dDTP) software
Different types of print product:
There are many formats that your product can take, including:
- Newspaper
- magazines
- posters
- leaflets
- booklets
- labels
- packaging
Writing for print:
The original writing that is used in a print product is called copy. When you are producing copy for your product, you will need to ensure that it is all your own to avoid plagiarism or copyright issues.
What to consider when writing copy:
Audience: who is your target audience? Are they experts or new to the subject? What are they interested in?
Purpose: are you writing to inform or entertain? Do you want people to buy something or are you persuading them to do something. Are you reporting the facts or giving your opinion?
Style: what style of writing? Funny or serious? (this could depend on the context or where your work will appear)
Genre: you should have already decided on which genre from your pre-production work.
These are some that you could consider:
Purpose: are you writing to inform or entertain? Do you want people to buy something or are you persuading them to do something. Are you reporting the facts or giving your opinion?
Style: what style of writing? Funny or serious? (this could depend on the context or where your work will appear)
Genre: you should have already decided on which genre from your pre-production work.
These are some that you could consider:
- Reportage: describing events
- Critique: an evaluation or review
- Editorial or commentary: a personal viewpoint
Ensuring the genetic conventions of written work:
When undertaking written and print production work, consider the genre that your work fits into, always keeping in mind the:
- format
- style
- layout
- audience
The printing process:
The choice of print technology is dependent on the type of product being printed, the quality of reproduction that is needed, the amount of money available and the size of the print run.
The printing process needs to be carefully monitored and controlled so the same high quality can be maintained throughout the whole of the print run.
The printing process needs to be carefully monitored and controlled so the same high quality can be maintained throughout the whole of the print run.
Digital media production:
For your digital media production, you will be working with less paperwork but should have a good set of designs and plans from which to work. whether you are creating a web page or computer games, the principle stays the same and you will need to have thought carefully about your sound, text, graphics and animations. You may also have to consider areas as 3-D content.
Sourcing graphics and images:
There are many different ways to source graphics and images; some can be original, of your own design and creation, others can be secondary material from the internet.
Producing the different parts:
During the production stages, you will need to manage, build and test the different elements that make up your product. In the industry, these parts are often called 'deliverables'. They can be broken down into different areas:
- Design and media deliverables include artwork, animations. audio, photos and/or video assets that will include in your product.
- Content deliverables usually covers the bringing together of the copy with design and media assets.
- Technology deliverables depend on the type on the type of product that you are producing. They could be web pages, DVD's or CD's
The production cycle:
Testings:
Testing is an important part of the production process for digital products, and you should plan your testing carefully. You may want to test for different things at different stages and you will need a test plan and test scripts to keep track of what you find and how you fixed things.
Here are some things that you will need to test:
Performance testing: Does a CD product run quickly enough? Is a website product set up to run at best speed? Can it cope with a large number of visitors to the site?
Here are some things that you will need to test:
- Content: ideally you will have checked all of your copy and media assets for accuracy and fitness purpose before you started the production stages, but you should still check that everything appears as you want it to.
- Usability: You will need to test your prototype with users to check that they understand what to do with your product and that the navigation works.
- Functionality: You will need to check that buttons or links work.
- Accessibility: You will need to check that everyone can see and access your product.
- Technical testing:
Performance testing: Does a CD product run quickly enough? Is a website product set up to run at best speed? Can it cope with a large number of visitors to the site?
Stages in post-production:
Audio-visual post-production:
There are lots of skills required for audio-visual post-production because you are dealing with a medium that requires you to edit image and sound together. In the television and film industries editing is a highly-skilled job as it is here that all of the special effects are added and continuity is checked.
Linear editing:
It is the process where the tape that is containing the footage will be placed into a machine where the images from the tape are then played through a professional monitor and then the required footage is recorded on to another tape in a different machine, this is also known as tape-to-tape editing
Non-linear editing:
This is the type of editing that is used more often these days, where there is a possibility of adding better viuals, such as transitionsand special effects.
Process and paperwork:
After the footage has been captured, it is crucial to review them and capture it to a chosen software package, during this there are processes that you will need to go through and paperwork that you will need to fill in so that you can keep track of of what footage is ready or where it goes. This is called an Edit decision list.
Using a FireWire serial bus:
There is a port in the camera and a corresponding one on your computer that you can insert a FireWire lead and use your capture footage on your computer.
Footage capture:
Once you have connected the camera to the computer via the FireWire lead you will need to select the necessary function from your package in order to capture your footage. First you will need to select the option that allows you to capture footage from a digital camera and then follow the instructions provided on the screen. Always try and choose the best quality for your device or the default option. Next, you will be prompted to decide whether to capture the whole footage from the tape or to capture the footage manually. As you would've filled the paperwork by now, the manual option is the best choice as it allows you better editorial control. Once you have done all of this, the footage will start playing from your camera and you will need to begin marking in and out points. This means that you will have to select Start capture and Stop capture at the correct points in your footage. Once all of the required footage has been selected and captured , you will need to save your clips to your project so that you can begin .
- Trimming- the process by which you cu down the desired clips to ensure that there